1. We always make inside sense of the outside
2. We often do so through shared stories

3. Some stories matter more than others (Colonialism means words are backed up by weapons)
4. We can't fully control the stories other people tell and live (Hybridity: a form of cultural mixing that challenges colonizers' narratives)

New World Map

New France/Canada

1. Two Primary Clusters

• Algonquians: mobile; hunting, foraging, fishing
• Iroquoians: sedentary; corn and other crops

2. Subdivisions and Political Formations

• Iroquoian include Huron and Iroquois
• Five Nations of Iroquois League: Oneidas, Onondagas, Cayugas, Senecas, and Mohawk (Tekakwitha's Group)

1. Mainly French - "New France"

• From all social classes but typical immigrant poor, male, and unattached
• King claims vast area; fully occupies only a narrow territory in St. Lawrence valley

2. French Colonialism

• Smaller numbers: focus on (fur) trade rather than land acquisition
• Some cooperation and alliance-building with Amerindian peoples  
• But also conflict and destruction: epidemic diseases, warfare, restructuring of native economy, ravages of alcoholism

1. Part of larger French presence: cooperation as well as conflict

• Most influential religious order in New France
• Most Jesuits come from France (element of nationalism)
• But no more than thirty to forty Jesuits in second half of the 17^th century
• Live in indigenous villages, not mission villages
• Evangelization proves difficult except for baptisms of sick

2. Why take this assignment in the "Land of the Crosses"?  Map by a Jesuit (1657)

• Martyrdom and Personal Salvation
• Saving the "Children of the Faith"

3. Jesuit Views of Non-European Populations

• European superiority and indigenous inferiority: civilized vs. barbarians/savages; Iroquoian look more civilized because they are sedentary
• Universalism: latent Christianity in everyone  and everywhere
• Unique approach to conversion: 'enter through their door, have them exit through ours' (Ignatius)

	Iroquois	French
Supernatural beliefs	Supernatural forces everywhere Male and female Good and evil	One God in Heaven Male but female saints and Virgin Mary Reality of Devil
Ritual specialists	Shamans Curing Societies	Priests Nuns
Gender Relations	Complementary Matrilineal, matrifocal, not matriarchal  Longhouse	Hierarchical Patrilineal, patrilocal, patriarchal
Sexuality	Seasonal celibacy Sex good for health Serial monogamy	Virginity - highest ideal Sex part of human weakness Monogamy, no divorce
Violating Norms	No word for sin  Collective responsibility    Compensate victim and family	Sin central concept Individual fault Punish perpetrator
Death	Gone forever “Eskennanne” or Country of Ancestors Collective tragedy War Captives/Adoption	Contact possible Heaven, Hell and Purgatory Individual tragedy Favors from dead
Naming	Requickening (Tekakwitha)	Baptism (Catherine)
Lecture Attendance	Always stay to the end	Always stay to the end