1. Nation-states and national identities are constructed:

a) specific territorial space with a single government that acts in the name of the people

b) territorial boundaries determined through war, conquest and/or negotiation

c) membership defined through inclusion and exclusion.

2.  Imperialism and colonialism modes of redefining boundaries and membership of nation-state:

a) imperialism-territorial expansion over non-contiguous territory and the assertion of domination over animate and inanimate objects

b) colonialism- the organization and experience of ruling territories.

3. Novels are historical sources for understanding place of empire in relation to nation-state:

a) brought the empire home

b) helped shape the politics of empire

c) highlight tensions within imperial nation-states.

1. Africa formed an integral part of cultural landscape of Europe, especially Britain:

a) reflected contact from the coast to the interior of Sub-Saharan Africa beginning in eighteenth century and culminating in partition of continent at end of nineteenth century (Maps: Alien Rule in Africa)

b) contested image of African and Africans during the era of the slave trade and its abolition in the 1700s.

2. Equiano’s Narrative emphasizes similarities with Europe while exposing how the slave trade dehumanizes people:

a) location, blood and language were the basic units of society and nation

(Page reference: 34)

b)  Ibo are not without culture, but rather a culturally expressive one

(Page references: 36 & 38-39)

c)  learns as much about the tentacles of the slave trade as he does the landscape of Africa.

(Page references: 37 & 52-54)

d) savagery embodied in Europeans at the coast.

1. European relationship to Africa and Africans based on uneven power differential

a)  African slaves and British liberators-The Gutenberg Monument (1840) by Pierre-Jean David and Robert Moffat with Rescued Slave John Mokoteri (1842) by William Scott

b)  impulse to spread Christianity, civilization and commerce (or the three C’s) after the abolition of the slave trade (1807) and the condition of slavery in the British empire (1833).

2. era of exploration  illuminated differences between African and Europeans:

a)  David Livingstone, a missionary doctor, traversed the south and central Africa first in the 1850s and later in the 1870s (Slides of frontspiece to Missionary Travels in South Africa, 1857 and Narrative of the Expedition to the Zambesi and Its Tributaries, 1865)

b) accounts  reinforced the image of the continent as available and exotic, unnaturally rich in animal life and abundant in natural resources. (Slides of Drawing of Victorian Falls, 1860 and Curved Elephant Tusk, 1856; and Thomas Baines, Working a coal seam near Tete, lower Zambesi, 1859).

c) becomes national hero in the age of mass media for exploits in Africa (Wood Graving of The Meeting of Livingstone and Stanley in Central Africa, 1872).

3. twin impulses of humanitarian and exploration created the conditions for the dramatic expansion of the European presence on the continent:

a) provided protection for strategic interests and/or an index of world power status

b) promoted as potential market for manufactured textiles and source of raw materials

c) featured in advertisement (Display Pear’s Soap Soudan, Pear's Soap Message from the Sea, Congo Soap, White Man’s Burden Soap advertisements)

d) 14 European powers in 1884—1885 adopt ground rules for future expansion (Political Cartoons, 1880 and 1890s: The White Elephant, African Pool) (Maps: Alien Rule in Africa: 1830 and 1880, 1891 and 1914)